ENR 1.6 ATS SURVEILLANCE SERVICES AND PROCEDURES

1.6.1 Primary Radar and Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)

1.6.1.1 Supplementary services

1.6.1.1.1 A radar unit normally operates as an integral part of the parent ATS unit and provides radar service to aircraft to the maximum extent practicable, to meet the operational requirement. Many factors, such as radar coverage, controller workload and equipment capabilities, may affect these services and the radar controller shall determine whether he/she is able to provide, or continue to provide, radar services in any specific case.

1.6.1.1.2 A pilot will know when radar services are being provided, because the radar controller will use the following phraseology: … (aircraft callsign) this is… Area / Approach, you are identified / or radar contact

  1. Passing… (beacon);
  2. … (radial / DME) from …;
  3. executing radar turns VOR radial / DME … from … (station).

1.6.1.1.3 Radar coverage are to the maximum extent the IVAO ATC’s air traffic control position allows him/her to “see” and subject to what Ivac’s ‘Visibility range’ is set to.
Distances are:

Ground 60nm
Tower 120nm
Approach/Departure 200nm
Area 1000nm



1.6.1.2 The application of radar control service

1.6.1.2.1 Controlled airspace

  • Radar identification is achieved according to the provisions specified by IVAO.
  • Radar control service is provided in controlled airspace to aircraft operating within radar range. This service may include;
    1. Radar separation of arriving, departing and en route traffic;
    2. radar monitoring of arriving, departing and en route traffic to provide information on any significant deviation from normal flight path;
    3. radar vectoring when required;
    4. assistance to aircraft in emergency;
    5. assistance to aircraft crossing controlled airspace;
    6. warnings and position information on other aircraft considered to constitute a hazard;
    7. information on observed weather conditions.
  • when vectored by the radar controller, pilots will be assigned levels which will provide terrain clearance.

1.6.1.2.2 Uncontrolled airspace
When an aircraft which has been provided with radar control service leaves controlled airspace, the control service will automatically be terminated without the pilot being notified.
However, ATC may provide either a radar advisory service or a radar information service in advisory or information airspace respectively. These services will only be provided at the discretion of the controller, in which case the pilot will be notified of the type of service provided.

1.6.1.3 Radar and radio failure procedures

1.6.1.3.1 Radar failure
In the event of a radar failure or loss of radar identification, instruction will be issued to restore non-radar standard separation.

1.6.1.3.2 Radio failure
The radar controller will establish whether the aircraft’s voice client receiver is working by instructing the pilot to carry out a turn, squawk ident or change to another squawk code. If any of the previous is observed, the radar controller will continue to provide radar services to the aircraft.
If the aircraft’s voice client is completely unserviceable, the pilot will continue to communicate through the text channel. If radar identification has already been established, the radar controller will vector other aircraft clear of its track until such time as the aircraft leaves radar coverage.

1.6.2 Secondary surveillance radar (SSR)

1.6.2.1 Emergency Procedures
Except when encountering a state of emergency, pilots shall operate transponders and select modes and codes in accordance with ATC instruction.

1.6.2.1.1 If the pilot of an aircraft encountering a state of emergency has previously been directed by ATC to operate the transponder on a specific code setting, this setting shall be maintained until otherwise advised. In all other circumstances the transponder shall be set to Mode A Code 77 (or 7700).
Note: A continuous monitoring of responses is maintained on –

  • Code 77 (7700) Aircraft emergency
  • Code 76 (7600) Radio failure
  • Code 75 (7500) NOT TO BE USED ON IVAO

1.6.2.1.2 Notwithstanding the procedures in para 1.6.2.1.1 above, a pilot may select the mode and code of his choice whenever the nature of the emergency is such that this appears to him to be the most suitable course of action.

1.6.3. NOT APPLICABLE TO IVAO

1.6.4 Graphical portrayal of area of radar coverage

**** MAPS to be completed ****