8.4 Phraseology

Note: CAVOK pronounced CAV-O-KAY.

Note: Wind is always expressed by giving the mean direction and speed and any significant variations thereof.

c) VISIBILITY (distance) (units) [direction]

d) PRESENT WEATHER (details);

e) CLOUD (amount, [(type)] and height of base) (units) (or SKY CLEAR);

f) CAVOK;

g) TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number) (and/or DEW-POINT [MINUS] (number));

h) QNH (or QFE) (number) [(units)];

i) (aircraft type) REPORTED (description) ICING (or TURBULENCE) [IN CLOUD] (area) (time);

j) REPORT FLIGHT CONDITIONS.

c) REQUEST DEPARTURE INFORMATION;

d) RUNWAY (number), WIND (direction and speed); (units) QNH (or QFE) (number) [(units)] TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number), [VISIBILITY (distance)(units) (or RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (or RVR)) (distance) (units)] [TIME (time)]

To acknowledge traffic information

i) UNKNOWN;

ii) SLOW MOVING;

iii) FAST MOVING;

iv) CLOSING;

v) OPPOSITE (or SAME) DIRECTION;

vi) OVERTAKING;

vii) CROSSING LEFT TO RIGHT (or RIGHT TO LEFT);

viii) (aircraft type);

ix)(level);

x) CLIMBING (or DESCENDING);

c)[ADDITIONAL] TRAFFIC (direction)BOUND (type of aircraft) (level)ESTIMATED (or OVER) (significant point) AT (time);

d) NO REPORTED TRAFFIC;

e) LOOKING OUT;

f) TRAFFIC IN SIGHT;

g) NEGATIVE CONTACT [reasons].

For avoiding action

b) DO YOU WANT VECTORS?;

c) CLEAR OF TRAFFIC [appropriate instructions];

d) TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) IMMEDIATELY HEADING (three digits)TO AVOID [UNIDENTIFIED] TRAFFIC AT (bearing by clock-reference and distance).

e) TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number of degrees) DEGREES IMMEDIATELY TO AVOID [UNIDENTIFIED] TRAFFIC AT (bearing by clock-reference and distance).

Note: These reports are mostly use in a NON-RADAR environment.

b) REPORT PASSING (significant point);

c) REPORT (distance) FROM (name of DME station);

d) REPORT PASSING (three digits) RADIAL (name of VOR) VOR;

e) REPORT DISTANCE FROM (significant point);

f) REPORT DISTANCE FROM(name of DME station)DME.

c) REPLY NOT RECEIVED(instructions);

d) IF YOU READ [manoeuvre instructions or SQUAWK (code) or IDENT)];

e) (manoeuvre or SQUAWK) OBSERVED. POSITION (position of aircraft) WILL CONTINUE RADAR CONTROL.

Departures

Changes to levels

Changes to routing

Speeds

Change of clearance

c) (aircraft call sign), REQUESTING CLIMB (or DESCEND) TO (level)

d) (aircraft call sign), AVOIDING WEATHER TO THE LEFT (or RIGHT), REQUESTING FURTHER ROUTING;

e) (aircraft call sign), UNABLE TO ROUTE TO (significant point or navigation aid), REQUEST ALTERNATE ROUTING;

e) (aircraft call sign), [MAINTAINING] SPEED IN THE DESCEND/CLIMB (number) INDICATED [OR MORE/LESS)] [FOLLOWED BY STAR (or TMA) SPEEDS];

f) MAY WE CHANGE CLEARANCE OF (aircraft call sign) TO (details of alteration proposed);

g) AGREED TO (alteration of clearance) OF (aircraft call sign);

h) UNABLE (desired route, level, etc.) FOR (aircraft call sign)] [DUE (reason)] (alternative clearance proposed).

b) SQUAWK (code).

c) SQUAWK NORMAL.

Note: An aircraft may be requested to “STAND BY” on a frequency when it is intended that the ATS unit will initiate communications soon and to “MONITOR” a frequency when information is being broadcast thereon.

c) IF NO CONTACT (instructions);

d) STAND BY (frequency) FOR (unit call sign);

e) REQUEST CHANGE TO (frequency);

f) FREQUENCY CHANGE APPROVED;

g) MONITOR (unit call sign) (frequency);

h) MONITORING (frequency);

i) WHEN READY CONTACT (unit call sign) (frequency);

j) REMAIN THIS FREQUENCY.

b)[aircraft location] REQUEST START UP, INFORMATION (ATIS identification);

c) START UP APPROVED;

d) START UP AT (time);

e) EXPECTED START UP AT (time);

f) START UP AT OWN DISCRETION;

g) EXPECT DEPARTURE (time) START UP AT OWN DISCRETION.

c) STAND BY;

d) PUSHBACK AT OWN DISCRETION;

e) EXPECT (number) MINUTES DELAY DUE (reason);

For helicopter operations

After landing

Holding

c) TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [number] [RUNWAY (number)] [TIME (time)];

d)[aircraft type] [wake turbulence category if “heavy”] REQUEST DETAILED TAXI INSTRUCTIONS;

e) TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [(number)] [RUNWAY (number) VIA (specific route to be followed) [TIME (time)] [HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY (number)];

f) TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [(number)] (followed by aerodrome information as applicable) [TIME (time)];

g) TAKE (or TURN) FIRST (or SECOND) LEFT (or RIGHT);

h) TAXI VIA (identification of taxiway);

i) TAXI VIA RUNWAY (number);

j) TAXI TO TERMINAL (or other location, e.g. GENERAL AVIATION AREA) [STAND (number)];

k) REQUEST AIR-TAXIING FROM (or VIA) TO (location or routing as appropriate);

l) AIR-TAXI TO (or VIA) (location or routing as appropriate) [CAUTION (dust, blowing snow, loose debris, taxiing light aircraft, personnel, etc.)]

m) AIR TAXI VIA (direct, as requested, or specified route) TO (location, heliport, operating or movement area, active or inactive runway). AVOID (aircraft or vehicles or personnel);

n) REQUEST BACKTRACK;

o) BACKTRACK APPROVED;

p) BACKTRACK RUNWAY (number);

q)[(aircraft location)] REQUEST TAXI TO (destination on aerodrome);

r) TAXI STRAIGHT AHEAD;

s) TAXI WITH CAUTION;

t) GIVE WAY TO (description and position of other aircraft);

u) GIVING WAY TO (traffic);

v) TRAFFIC (or type of aircraft) IN SIGHT;

w) TAXI INTO HOLDING BAY;

x) FOLLOW (description of other aircraft or vehicle);

y) VACATE RUNWAY

z) RUNWAY VACATED;

aa) EXPEDITE TAXI [(reason)];

bb) EXPEDITING;

cc)[CAUTION] TAXI SLOWER [reason];

dd) SLOWING DOWN.

a) ‡ HOLD (direction) OF (position, runway number, etc);

b) ‡ HOLD POSITION;

c) ‡ HOLD (distance) FROM (position);

d) ‡ HOLD SHORT OF (position);

e) HOLDING;

f) HOLDING SHORT.

‡ Requires specific acknowledgement from the pilot.

Note: The procedure words ROGER and WILCO is insufficient acknowledgement of the instructions HOLD, HOLD POSITION and HOLD SHORT OF (position). In each case the acknowledgment shall be by the phraseology HOLDING or HOLDING SHORT, as appropriate.

Note: The pilot will, when requested, report “RUNWAY VACATED” when the aircraft is well clear of the runway.

c) EXPEDITE CROSSING RUNWAY (number) TRAFFIC (aircraft type) (distance) MILES FINAL;

d) TAXI TO HOLDING POSITION [number] [RUNWAY (number) VIA (specific route to be followed), [HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY (number) or [CROSS RUNWAY (number)];

e) RUNWAY VACATED.

If unable to issue take-off clearance

Clearance to enter runway and await take-off clearance

Conditional clearances

Acknowledgement of a conditional clearance

Confirmation or otherwise of the readback of conditional clearance

c) ARE YOU READY [FOR DEPARTURE]?;

d) ARE YOU READY FOR IMMEDIATE DEPARTURE?;

e) READY;

f) WAIT [reason];

g) LINE UP [AND WAIT];

h) # LINE UP RUNWAY (number);

i) LINE UP. BE READY FOR IMMEDIATE DEPARTURE;

j) Π (condition) LINE UP;

k) (condition) LINING UP;

l) [THAT IS] CORRECT (or I SAY AGAIN (as appropriate)).

# where there is the possibility of confusion during multiple runway operations

Π Provisions concerning the use of conditional clearances are contained in 2.4

When take-off clearance has not been complied with

To cancel a take-off clearance

To stop a take-off after an aircraft has commenced take-off roll.

For helicopter operations

Turn or climb instructions after take-off

To request airborne time

Heading to be followed

Specific track is to be followed

c) TAKE-OFF IMMEDIATELY OR VACATE RUNWAY [(instructions)];

d) TAKE OFF IMMEDIATELY OR HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY;

e) HOLD POSITION, CANCEL TAKE-OFF I SAY AGAIN CANCEL TAKE-OFF (reasons);

f) HOLDING;

g) STOP IMMEDIATELY [(repeat aircraft call sign) STOP IMMEDIATELY];

h) STOPPING;

i) CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF [FROM (location)] (PRESENT POSITION, TAXIWAY, FINAL APPROACH and TAKE-OFF AREA, RUNWAY (number));

j) REQUEST DEPARTURE INSTRUCTIONS;

k) AFTER DEPARTURE TURN RIGHT (or LEFT or CLIMB) (instructions as appropriate).

Note: HOLDING and STOPPING are the procedural responses to (e) and (g) respectively.

a) REQUEST RIGHT (or LEFT) TURN;

b) RIGHT (or LEFT) TURN APPROVED;

c) WILL ADVISE LATER FOR RIGHT (or LEFT) TURN;

d) REPORT AIRBORNE;

e) AIRBORNE (time);

f) AFTER PASSING (level) (instructions);

g) CONTINUE RUNWAY HEADING (instructions);

h) TRACK EXTENDED CENTRE LINE (instructions);

i) CLIMB STRAIGHT AHEAD (instructions).

When ATIS information is available

c) MAKE STRAIGHT- STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH, RUNWAY (number) [SURFACE] WIND (direction and speed) (units) [TEMPERATURE [MINUS] (number)QNH (or QFE) (number) [(units)] [TRAFFIC (detail)];

e) (aircraft type) (position) (level) INFORMATION (ATIS identification) FOR LANDING;

f) JOIN (position in circuit) [RUNWAY (number)] QNH (or QFE) (number) [(units)] [TRAFFIC (detail)].

c) REPORT BASE (or FINAL, or LONG FINAL);

d) CONTINUE APPROACH [PREPARE FOR POSSIBLE GO AROUND].

Multiple runway operations

Special operations

To make an approach along, or parallel to a runway, descending to an agreed minimum level

c) CLEARED TOUCH AND GO;

d) MAKE FULL STOP;

e) REQUEST LOW APPROACH (reasons);

f) CLEARED LOW APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)] [(altitude restriction if required) (go around instructions)];

g) REQUEST LOW PASS (reasons);

h) CLEARED LOW PASS [as in f)];

i) REQUEST STRAIGHT-IN (or CIRCLING APPROACH, LEFT (or RIGHT) TURN TO (location));

j) MAKE STRAIGHT-IN (or CIRCLING APPROACH, LEFT (or RIGHT) TURN TO (location, runway, taxiway, final approach and take-off area))[ARRIVAL (or ARRIVAL ROUTE) (number, name or code)] [HOLD SHORT OF (ACTIVE RUNWAY, EXTENED RUNWAY CENTRE LINE, OTHER)] [REMAIN (direction or distance) FROM (RUNWAY, RUNWAY CENTRE LINE, OTHER HELICOPTER or AIRCRAFT)] [CAUTION (POWER LINES, UNLIGHTED OBSTRUCTIONS, WAKE TURBULENCE. etc)] CLEARED TO LAND.

c) MAKE ANOTHER CIRCUIT.

Wake turbulence

Jet blast or slipstream on apron or taxiway

c) CAUTION WAKE TURBULENCE [FROM ARRIVING (or DEPARTING) (type of aircraft)] [additional information as required];

d) CAUTION (JET BLAST or SLIPSTREAM);

For helicopter operations

c) EXPEDITE VACATING;

d) YOUR STAND (or GATE) (designation);

e) TAKE (or TURN) FIRST (or SECOND, or CONVENIENT) LEFT (or RIGHT) AND CONTACT GROUND (frequency);

f) AIR-TAXI TO HELICOPTER STAND (or) HELICOPTER PARKING POSITION (area);

g) AIR-TAXI TO (or VIA) (location or routing as appropriate) [CAUTION (DUST, BLOWING SNOW, LOOSE DEBRIS, TAXIING LIGHT AIRCRAFT, PERSONNEL, etc)];

h) AIR TAXI VIA (DIRECT, as requested, or specified route) TO (location, HELIPORT, OPERATING or MOVEMENT AREA, ACTIVE or INACTIVE RUNWAY). AVOID (aircraft or vehicles or personnel).

a) [AFTER DEPARTURE] TURN RIGHT (or LEFT HEADING (three digits) (or CONTINUE RUNWAY HEADING) (or TRACK EXTENDED CENTRE LINE) TO (level or significant point) [(other instructions as required)];

b) AFTER REACHING (or PASSING) (level or significant point) (instructions);

c) TURN RIGHT (or LEFT) HEADING (three digits) TO (level) [TO INTERCEPT (track, route, airway, etc)];

d) (standard departure name and number) DEPARTURE;

e) TRACK (three digits) DEGREES [MAGNETIC (or TRUE)] TO (or FROM) (significant point) UNTIL (time, or REACHING (fix or significant point or level)) [BEFORE PROCEEDING ON COURSE];

f) CLEARED VIA (designation).

c) CLEARED (or PROCEED) VIA (details of route to be followed);

d) CLEARED (type of approach) APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)];

e) CLEARED (type of approach) RUNWAY (number) FOLLOWED BY CIRCLING TO RUNWAY (number);

f) CLEARED APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)];

g) COMMENCE APPROACH AT (time);

h) REQUEST STRAIGHT-IN [(type of approach)] APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)];

i) CLEARED STRAIGHT-IN [(type of approach)] APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)];

j) REPORT VISUAL;

k) REPORT RUNWAY [LIGHTS] IN SIGHT;

l) REQUEST VISUAL APPROACH;

m) CLEARED VISUAL APPROACH RUNWAY (number)

n) REPORT (significant point) [OUTBOUND, or INBOUND];

o) REPORT COMMENCING PROCEDURE TURN;

p) REQUEST VMC DESCENT

q) MAINTAIN OWN SEPARATION;

r) MAINTAIN VMC;

s) ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH (name) APPROACH PROCEDURE;

t) REQUEST (type of approach) APPROACH [RUNWAY (number)];

u) REQUEST (RNAV plain language designator);

v) CLEARED (RNAV plain language designator);

Published holding procedure over a facility or fix

When a detailed holding clearance is required.

b) CLEARED (or PROCEED) TO (significant point, name of facility or fix) [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB or DESCEND TO) (level)] HOLD [(direction)] AS PUBLISHED EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE) AT (time);

c) REQUEST HOLDING INSTRUCTIONS;

d) CLEARED (or PROCEED) TO (significant point, name of facility or fix) [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB or DESCEND TO) (level)] HOLD [(direction)] [(specified) RADIAL, COURSE, INBOUND TRACK (three digits) DEGREES] [RIGHT (or LEFT) HAND PATTERN] [OUTBOUND TIME (number) MINUTES] EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE) AT (time) (additional instructions, if necessary);

e) CLEARED TO THE (three digits) RADIAL OF THE (name) VOR AT (distance) DME FIX [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB or DESCEND TO (level)] HOLD [(direction)] [RIGHT (or LEFT) HAND PATTERN] [OUTBOUND TIME (number) MINUTES] EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLEARANCE) AT (time) (additional instructions, if necessary);

f) CLEARED TO THE (three digits) RADIAL OF THE (name) VOR AT (distance) DME FIX [MAINTAIN (or CLIMB or DESCEND TO) (level)] HOLD BETWEEN (distance) AND (distance) DME [RIGHT (or LEFT) HAND PATTERN] EXPECT APPROACH CLEARANCE (or FURTHER CLERANCE) AT (time) (additional instructions, if necessary).

c) RECLEARED (amended clearance details) [REST OF CLEARANCE UNCHANGED];

d) RECLEARED (amended route portion) TO (significant point of original route) [REST OF CLEARANCE UNCHANGED]

e) ENTER CONTROLLED AIRSPACE (or CONTROL ZONE) [VIA (significant point or route)] AT (level) [AT (time)];

f) LEAVE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE (or CONTROL ZONE) [VIA (significant point or route) ] AT (level) (or CLIMBING, or DESCENDING);

g) JOIN (specify) AT (significant point) AT (level) [AT (time))].

Followed as necessary by:

i) DIRECT;

ii) VIA (routeand/or significant points)

iii) VIA FLIGHT PLANNED ROUTE;

iv) VIA (distance) DME ARC (direction) OF (name of DME station);

c) (route) NOT AVAILABLE DUE (reason) ALTERNATIVE [S] IS/ARE (routes) ADVISE.

c) MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL (time);

d) MAINTAIN (level) UNTIL ADVISED BY (name of unit);

e) MAINTAIN (level) (WHILE IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE or UNTIL FURTHER ADVISED);

f) MAINTAIN BLOCK (level) TO (level).

Note: the term “MAINTAIN” is not to be used in lieu of “DESCEND” or “CLIMB” when instructing an aircraft to change level.

c) CRUISE CLIMB BETWEEN (levels) (or ABOVE (level));

d) CROSS (distance) DME [(direction)] OF (name of DME station) AT (or ABOVE or BELOW) (level).

c) MAINTAIN MACH (number) [OR GREATER (or OR LESS) [UNTIL (significant point)];

d) DO NOT EXCEED MACH (number).

c) CANCEL OFFSET (instructions to rejoin cleared flight route or other information).

a) REPORT HEADING [AND FLIGHT LEVEL (or ALTITUDE)];

b) FOR IDENTIFICATION TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits);

c) TRANSMIT FOR IDENTIFICATION AND REPORT HEADING;

d) RADAR CONTACT [position];

e) IDENTIFIED [position];

f) NOT IDENTIFIED [reason], [RESUME (or CONTINUE OWN NAVIGATION].

Instruction that a climb (or descent) to a level within the vertical range defined is to commence

For SST aircraft only

Level changes, reports and rates (continuous)

To require action at a specific time or place.

To require action when convenient

To require an aircraft to climb or descend maintaining own separation and VMC

When there is doubt that an aircraft can comply with a clearance or instruction

When a pilot is unable to comply with a clearance or instruction.

After modifying vertical speed to comply with an ACAS resolution advisory (Pilot & controller interchange)

After ACAS “Clear of Conflict” is annunciated (Pilot & controller interchange)

After the response to an ACAS resolution advisory is completed (Pilot & controller interchange)

After returning to clearance after responding to an ACAS resolution advisory (Pilot & controller interchange)

When unable to comply with a clearance because of an ACAS resolution advisory (Pilot & controller interchange)

i) TO (level);

ii) TO AND MAINTAIN BLOCK (level) TO (level);

iii) TO REACH (level) AT (or BY) (time or significant point);

iv) REPORT LEAVING (or REACHING or PASSING (level));

v) AT (number) FEET PER MINUTE [OR GREATER (or LESS)];

vi) REPORT STARTING ACCELERATION (or DECELERATION).

b) MAINTAIN AT LEAST (number) FEET ABOVE (or BELOW) (aircraft callsign).

c) REQUEST LEVEL (or FLIGHT LEVEL or ALTITUDE) CHANGE FROM (name of unit) [AT (time or significant point)];

d) STOP CLIMB (or DESCENT) AT (level);

e) CONTINUE CLIMB (or DESCENT) TO (level);

f) EXPEDITE CLIMB (or DESCENT) [UNTIL PASSING (level)];

g) WHEN READY CLIMB (or DESCEND) TO (level);

h) EXPECT CLIMB (or DESCENT) AT (time or significant point);

i) REQUEST DESCENT AT (time); *

j) IMMEDIATELY;

k) AFTER PASSING (significant point);

l) AT (time or significant point);

m) WHEN READY (instruction);

n) MAINTAIN OWN SEPARATION AND VMC [FROM (level) [TO (level)];

o) MAINTAIN OWN SEPARATION AND VMC ABOVE (or BELOW or TO) (level);

p) If unable (alternative instructions) AND ADVISE;

q) UNABLE;

r) TCAS CLIMB (or DESCENT);

s) (acknowledgement);

t) RETURNING TO (assigned clearance);

u) (acknowledgement) (or alternative instructions);

v) TCAS CLIMB (or DESCENT) RETURNING TO (assigned clearance);

w) (acknowledgement) (or alternative instructions);

x) TCAS CLIMB (or DESCENT) – COMPLETED (assigned clearance) RESUMED;

y) (acknowledgement) (or alternative instructions)

z) UNABLE, TCAS RESOLUTION ADVISORY;

aa) (acknowledgement).

c) REVISED EXPECTED APPROACH TIME (time);

d) DELAY NOT DETERMINED (reasons).

When it is necessary to specify a reason for RADAR vectoring or for the above manoeuvres, the following phraseologies should be used

c) CONTINUE PRESENT HEADING;

d) FLY HEADING (three digits);

e) TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits) [reason];

f) TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number of degrees) DEGRESS [reason];

g) STOP TURN HEADING (three digits);

h) FLY HEADING (three digits), WHEN ABLE PROCEED DIRECT (name) (significant point);

i) HEADING IS GOOD.

i) DUE TRAFFIC;

ii) FOR SPACING;

iii) FOR DELAY;

iv) FOR DOWNWIND (or BASE, or FINAL).

c) VECTORING FOR (positioning in the circuit);

d) VECTORING FOR SURVEILLANCE RADAR APPROACH RUNWAY (number);

e) VECTORING FOR PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY (number);

f) (type) APPROACH NOT AVAILABLE DUE (reason) (alternative instructions).

When a pilot wishes to be positioned a specific distance from touchdown

c) REQUEST (distance) FINAL;

d) CLEARED FOR (type) APPROACH RUNWAY (number);

e) REPORT ESTABLISHED [ON ILS (LOCALISER) or (GLIDEPATH)];

f) CLOSING FROM LEFT (or RIGHT) [REPORT ESTABLISHED];

g) TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) HEADING (three digits) [TO INTERCEPT] or [REPORT ESTABLISHED];

h) EXPECT VECTOR ACROSS (localiser course or radio aid) (reason);

i) THIS TURN WILL TAKE YOU THROUGH (localiser course or radio aid) [reason];

j) TAKING YOU THROUGH (localiser course or radio aid) [reason];

k) MAINTAIN (altitude) UNTIL GLIDE PATH INTERCEPTION;

l) REPORT ESTABLISHED ON GLIDE PATH;

m) INTERCEPT (localiser course or radio aid) [REPORT ESTABLISHED].

n) CLEARED FOR ILS APPROACH RUNWAY (number) LEFT (or RIGHT);

o) YOU HAVE CROSSED THE LOCALISER. TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) IMMEDIATELY AND RETURN TO THE LOCALISER;

p) ILS RUNWAY (number) LEFT (or RIGHT) LOCALISER FREQUENCY IS (frequency);

q) TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) (number) DEGREES (or HEADING) (three digits) IMMEDIATELY TO AVOID TRAFFIC [DEVIATING FROM ADJACENT APPROACH] CLIMB TO (altitude);

r) CLIMB TO (altitude) IMMEDIATELY TO AVOID TRAFFIC [DEVIATING FROM ADJACENT APPROACH] (further instructions).

c) ON TRACK;

d) SLIGHTLY (or WELL, or GOING) LEFT (or RIGHT) OF TRACK;

c) TURN LEFT (or RIGHT) NOW;

d) STOP TURN NOW.

c) MAINTAIN (number) KNOTS [OR GREATER (or OR LESS)] [UNTIL (signification point)];

d) DO NOT EXCEED (number) KNOTS;

e) MAINTAIN PRESENT SPEED;

f) INCREASE (or REDUCE) SPEED TO (number) KNOTS [OR GREATER (or OR LESS)];

g) INCREASE (or REDUCE) SPEED BY (number) KNOTS;

h) RESUME NORMAL SPEED;

i) REDUCE TO MINIMUM APPROACH SPEED;

j) REDUCE TO MINIMUM CLEAN SPEED;

k) NO [ATC] SPEED RESTRICTIONS.